A Critique on Berger’s Uncertainty Reduction Theory Essay

Presentation At the point when individuals initially meet and collaborate with one another, they are questionable with their conduct and with what to state. At the point when this occurs, they have the propensity, obviously, to decrease that vulnerability. This is the thing that the vulnerability decrease hypothesis of correspondence discusses. This hypothesis is truly material in people’s regular living and encounters. In any case, in spite of the fact that it is broadly utilized, some are still ‘uncertain’ with this hypothesis. This paper expects to give the peruser an examination of the vulnerability decrease hypothesis. Foundation on Uncertainty Reduction Theory Vulnerability decrease hypothesis or URT was begun by Charles Berger in 1975. During the beginning of his profession, some of his alumni understudies questioned that correspondence was excessively assorted and erratic. That implies that it is difficult to be managed logically. Along these lines, Berger was tested to discover and introduce a few verifications that would bolster his hypothesis. He accepted that human correspondence can be concentrated systematically and absolutely. The vulnerability decrease hypothesis was made. In the beginning of individual connections, elevated level of vulnerability is about the other individual is available. During the starter phases of association among outsiders, Uncertainty Reduction Theory searches for to coordinate correspondence conduct. At that point, the significant objective or reason for this hypothesis is to decrease the vulnerability. Alongside this, it likewise expects to build the consistency. Common attributes happen sooner or later in the underlying exchange between outsiders. These incorporate intermittent inquiries and answers during the initial couple of moments. There is likewise a trade of data with the nonattendance of conclusion and ordinarily their discussion is centered around themes like old neighborhood and occupation. So as to limit vulnerability, URT considers on how individuals use correspondence in acquiring information and insight. At the principal meeting of outsiders, their practices while imparting are affected by a lot of correspondence rules and standards. These standards are both unequivocal and understood. Moreover, these standards and standards set up desires and points of reference for early associations which in the end, cause consistency in the conversation and a decrease in vulnerability. (Moncrieff, 2001) The Uncertainty Reduction Theory suggests that individuals, especially outsiders, have a need to decrease vulnerability or wavering about others. This is finished by picking up data from one another. This data can be utilized to foresee the conduct of the other. The particular significance of the decrease of vulnerability is in social turn of events. Fruitful reduction of vulnerability supports or gives route for positive future connections. There are two kinds of vulnerability, social and intellectual. Social vulnerability concerns the forecast or figuring of conduct in specific conditions. For instance, one can foresee that association will go well in light of positive practices like grinning. Then again, psychological vulnerability is related with mentality or convictions and perspectives individuals grasp and is decreased through the picking up of data. (Moncrieff, 2001) The Seven Axioms of Uncertainty Reduction Theory Berger recommends a progression of sayings to additionally talk about the connection among vulnerability and seven crucial factors. This is the aphoristic hypothesis, conviction about vulnerability. Maxim 1 says that as the measure of verbal correspondence expands, there is a decline in the vulnerability level of the two outsiders that has recently met.  As an outcome, the abatement in their vulnerability expands the verbal correspondence. Adage 2 is known as the nonverbal warmth. Decrease in vulnerability level will cause expansion in nonverbal affiliative expressiveness. It is on the grounds that as nonverbal affiliative expressiveness rises, vulnerability levels will diminish. Maxim 3 is about data chasing. Due to the significant levels of vulnerability, increments in data looking for conduct happen. At the point when the vulnerability level drops off, data looking for likewise diminishes.  Axiom 4 is self-revelation. The decrease in the closeness level of correspondence content is typically brought about by relationship’s elevated level of vulnerability. When there is a decline in the degrees of vulnerability, significant levels of closeness are created. Adage 5 is known as correspondence. Like Axiom 3, high paces of vulnerability additionally yield significant levels of correspondence. When there is low degree of vulnerability, there is low degree of correspondence. Aphorism 6 is about comparability. Similarity between people diminishes vulnerability. Much contrast between people produce high pace of vulnerability. Last however not the least, Axiom 7 tells about loving. When there is high vulnerability level, an individual will in general aversion the other individual. Henceforth, when there is a reduction in vulnerability, increment in enjoying is delivered. (McGlish, 2006) Scrutinize on the Uncertainty Reduction Theory Natalie Wright scrutinizes Charles Berger’s Uncertainty Reduction Theory as far as logical and humainstic. She accepts that Berger utilizes logical strategy in managing humanistic qualities to demonstrate and affirm his hypothesis. In the Uncertainty Reduction Theory, Wright said that ‘Berger tends to the humanistic sentiments of seeing how individuals feel in new connections and the intrigue we need to decrease those nerves by becoming familiar with others’. Be that as it may, even now as per her, URT is logical on the grounds that Berger makes utilized of each of the five components of the logical model to validate and protect his hypothesis. Wright presents a table that would additionally clarify the differentiation among logical and humanistic models (Wright, 2000): Logical: Humanistic: clarification of information comprehension of individuals expectation of future explanation of qualities relative effortlessness stylish intrigue testable speculation network of understanding down to earth utility change of society As an analyst, I bolster the case of Natalie Wright. Berger’s hypothesis is logical on the grounds that he has away from and clarification of his hypothesis. He even gives theory’s reason and seven maxims that disclose how to decrease vulnerability. The facts demonstrate that it is cored to humanistic thoughts. Be that as it may, its logical methodologies make this hypothesis helpful and commonsense in ordinary living. I could state that his maxims are viable. For instance, when somebody watches two people who have quite recently met and connect just because follow Berger’s examples of vulnerability decrease, that somebody may demonstrate that Berger’s maxims are precise. Besides, I can say that these adages are genuine dependent on my own connections. I likewise experience meeting an outsider and has applied the vulnerability decrease hypothesis in my own specific manners. When all is said in done, Uncertainty Reduction Theory centers around how to decrease vulnerability by utilizing human correspondence in picking up information about the other individual. Henceforth, it brings about making an increasingly unsurprising and coordinated relationship. Charles Berger, who planned the hypothesis, thinks of seven aphorisms. These sayings are exact and viable enough to be comprehended and applied by anybody. Book reference McGlish, G. (2006). A First Look at Communication Theory Retrieved November 21, 2006, from http://www.afirstlook.com/manual5/ed5man10.pdf. Moncrieff, K. (2001). Vulnerability Reduction Theory.â â Retrieved November 21, 2006, from http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory52.htm Wright, N. (2000). A Critique of Berger’s Uncertainty Reduction Theory Retrieved November 21, 2006, from http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~nw583098/unc.htm

Brave New World vs. Gattaca

State-of-the-art existence versus.. Waterfall BY Killing We all anticipate that the not so distant future should have advance innovation and flying vehicles. All things considered, hereditary designing Is Indeed advance innovation yet there are negative impacts that join it. In both â€Å"Brave New World† by Allots Huxley (1932) and Cataract (1997) depends on how hereditary designing is assumed control over the world. Everybody was made by science as opposed to being conceived and having the two guardians' qualities. Knowledge a character are minor In these social orders, yet the Important thing that issues is the place you have a place in life.However, the film Cataract is later on however has a dated style to it. From the attire and haircuts to the vehicles and structures, everything helps you to remember the style in the ass' or ass's. The executive expected it to be that path just to see how our style could return to how It used to be previously. The setting of the film se ts the state of mind to be to some degree genuine and spine chiller like. The state of mind of expert business would be a genuine case of this film. The subject of the novel is for the most part saying are we as a whole went to where our hereditary code characterizes what we do and owe we live.Although the film doesn't have an advanced vibe to It, the plot despite everything gives you that what's to come isn't that separation. The shopping center character, Vincent Freeman, needed to satisfy his fantasies and travel into space. The underlying issue that happened was that his quality was not hereditary better than achieve his objective. Vincent had a heart issue that kept him from doing challenging tasks. He thought of a plan to turn into a legitimate individual. He chose to utilize another person's Identity and DNA to have the option to go in the stars. Vincent utilizes a competitor, Jerome Marrow, who was paraplegic from a vehicle crash.Freeman changed his looks, style, and even ha d medical procedure to turn into a similar tallness as Jerome. He ensured that individuals would find whom he truly Is. Later on In the film, Vincent sibling attempts to discover the killer of an Important individual however was truly attempting to discover Vincent. They didn't realize they were sibling in light of the fact that some time back when they were more youthful, Vincent sibling was lost adrift and he haven't seen him from that point onward. They rejoin and acknowledge on how unique they were from one another. As it were, this film has a type of riddle and spine chiller that is served.On the other hand, the book â€Å"Brave New World† additionally doesn't generally have that cutting edge feel, however you can tell it depends on the future when you read it. The book is more seasoned, so when it was composed, it didn't have the cutting edge style that we use. The year is entirely 802540, which is route past the year future. The disposition of this book Is mocking and severe. At certain focuses. It was interesting yet had a genuine significance to It too. As you read the book, you could see that there would be more than one thing owing on the double where the perspective abandons first individual to third individual omniscient.The subject of this book Isn't anything contrasted with Cataract, however it's truism that the network Is sanitized and we are set out toward the end if the network we live in proceed. Notwithstanding, the film Cataract is like â€Å"Brave New World†. People anticipate different people way of life by mentioning tests and objective facts to figure out where they are put. This world looks for steadiness in every general public yet it in all likelihood doesn't chip away at everybody. Having a family Is not permitted to be applied In he future.Therefore, the individuals are isolated on what characterizes them Like being a Delta or an upsilon. In which why the character Bernard isn't content with the request 1 OFF, for ex ample, having a family. Bernard attempts to locate the significance of life however everybody thinks he is insane from investigating his interest. I accept that the both the scholars of the film and the book planned on including such an extreme perspective on what's to come. These perspectives on what's to come are really authentic and really could be the place we are totally gone to the close future.All however we as a whole envision what's to come being another and innovative setting, in Cataract we can really observe the style of the ass' and not at all like â€Å"Brave New World† we can just peruse what it could be and imagine it. With everything taken into account, both of the Cataract and â€Å"Brave New World† are connecting with and fascinating. I would suggest perusing â€Å"Brave New World† first and afterward watching Cataract since you can get a more established perspective of things to come and an increasingly present day perspective. Hereditary bui lding could be our future if innovation expands than it as of now is.

How to Write a Good Conclusion Paragraph

How to Write a Good Conclusion Paragraph When youre writing an academic essay, or any written report for that matter, you may be tempted to wrap things up as quickly as possible. You may even be tempted to just leave your reader hanging as soon as youve presented all the facts and arguments. If you do that, you leave your reader in a Yes, so what? position which is clearly not the intention of any piece of persuasive writing. Your conclusion paragraph joins the dots between your introduction and all the facts youve just presented, showing your reader the take home message youre trying to get across. How should you write it to achieve this goal? I Already Wrote It! You may argue, I already told everyone what I concluded in my thesis statement! Thats true, but at the time, you hadnt presented the evidence. Now you have to show how the evidence relates to the thesis. Dont just think its obvious and walk away. Your reader does not live inside your head. What is obvious to you may not be as obvious to everyone else! However, your thesis statement does form the basis of at least part of your conclusion. You can restate it in different words, but now you will flesh it out by relating it to all the information youve discussed. What Sub-Points Did You Make? To support your thesis, youll have discussed several sub-points. What were they? Look at the sub-topics you discussed and determine how they contribute to the thesis. If they dont contribute at all, or you cant see the link, they shouldnt be in the essay! Finally, you want to leave your reader with some food for thought, so your concluding paragraph needs to be good. Did you know some people (including your teachers) will read your introduction, skip to your conclusion, and only then look at your body text? Its a good way of seeing how a student has approached the information, so never think your conclusion is unimportant just because its at the end. Lets Look at an Example In a recent post, we discussed how to prepare a thesis statement. We came up with this one: The United States entered the First World War because of German attacks on US shipping and to halt Germanys rapid expansion and growing military power which presented a direct threat to US interests and territorial integrity. Lets assume that in our essay, we discussed the practical reasons why the US entered the First World War. We also looked at the moral reasons, and theorized these were highlighted by president Woodrow Wilson to gain extra support for the war effort. They may have been real enough, but we argue they were secondary to the provocation and threats we mentioned in our thesis. Now we have to tie up all the points. Although president Woodrow Wilson highlighted the moral reasons why the US entered the war, these had always existed, and had only seen widespread support from certain sectors of the community. With German submarines attacking and sinking US commercial shipping, and even passenger liners such as the Lusitania, the need to enter the war became more urgent. The Zimmerman telegram, which offered support to Mexico should it embark on a war with the US confirmed that Germany did not respect US neutrality, and indeed posed a direct threat to US territorial integrity. Although there were other factors that contributed to the decision, it was these two issues that finally tipped the balance. The US entry into the War to end all Wars, was a defensive move, and pragmatism outweighed morality in the final decision to enter it. Nothing New in the Conclusion, but Food for Thought Our example is a little incomplete because I havent given you the body text, but you should assume the essay discussed all the reasons for entering the war in detail. Each subsection of the essay may have had a mini-conclusion of its own showing why the information was included and how I think it contributes to the argument presented in my thesis. My concluding paragraph sums everything up and shows how the information leads up to a final thought, in this case, pragmatism outweighed morality. Final Checks As a semi-final check, I will consult my question. This may have been: Discuss the primary reasons for the US entry into the First World War Or it could have been: Did the US enter the First World War for practical or moral reasons? Discuss. Or simply: Write an essay on the US entry into the First World War. The last check is done to see if all the information I have included in the essay contributes to the conclusion. There should be a mention, however brief, of all the aspects that were discussed in the body text. You have compiled a lot of information, and its up to you to draw it all together into a powerful conclusion supported by the facts you presented.

Use Hasta in Spanish in Place of Until

The preposition hasta typically means up to, until or including and references similar concepts in matters of time, measurement, location and situation. Hasta is commonly used in expressions or idiomatic phrases. Hasta Referencing Time Since hasta means until, which is a preposition that references a time element, like up to a certain time, hasta  is used. For example,  Se  suspendià ³ la exportacià ³n de  carne  hasta el dos de  septiembre, which translates to, The export of meat was suspended until September 2. A common idiomatic phrase, hasta luego, which literally means until later, is a common way of saying, See you later. Hasta Referencing Measurements When hasta is being used to mean up to, in many cases, the word is being used to describe measurements. For example, olas  de hasta  cinco  metros,  means waves up to five meters high. Hasta Referencing Location Hasta can be used to mean as far as, which far gives an indication of place and location. For  example, Viajà ³ hasta Nueva York, which translates to, He traveled as far as New York. A common idiomatic phrase, hasta  aquà ­, means to this point, another reference to a location or situation. Hasta Referencing Situation As a preposition meaning until, hasta can be used to describe a situation, such as   Todo  iba  bien  hasta  que  salieron, which translates to, Everything was going fine until they left. A common idiomatic expression,  hasta no  poder  mà ¡s, references a situation, such as until no more could be done. For an example of a sentence using the popular expression,   Comià ³ hasta no  poder  mà ¡s, means, He ate until he could eat no more. Common Idiomatic Expressions Using Hasta Expression Translation Spanish Sentence English Translation hasta aqu to this point Cmo hemos llegado hasta aqu? How did we get to this point? hasta aqu until now Hasta aqu creemos que tienes una buena idea. Until now weve believed that you had a good idea. estar hasta la coronilla (or las narices) had it up to here/sick and tired Estoy hasta la coronilla de la corrupcin. Im fed up to here with the corruption. hasta despus, hasta luego, hasta la vista see you later Fue un placer hablar contigo. Hasta la vista! It was nice talking to you. See you! hasta entonces see you then Hasta entonces, pues. In that case, see you then. hasta maana see you tomorrow Ya me voy. Hasta maana! Im leaving. Until tomorrow! hasta el da del juicio until the very end All permanecern hasta el da de juicio They will stay there until the end.

Attachment Theory A Deep Emotional Bond - 775 Words

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During the second year, the child begins to use this adult as a secure base from which to explore the world and become more independent. Secure attachment has been linked with positive development outcome for children in many areas (Siegel, 2014). Children are emotionally attuned, and have consistent continent communication with their parents or caregivers (Siegel, 2014). Preoccupied Attachment are clients that are interpersonally engaged, they are easier to treat. They are eager to discuss their worries and relationship difficulties as well as their personal problems. Clients tend to make chaotic and contradictoryShow MoreRelatedSecure Attachment Relationship Between Young Children And Their Families898 Words   |  4 PagesSecure Attachment Relationship The mother is usually the first and primary object of attachment for an infant, but in many cultures, babies become just as attached to their fathers, siblings, and grandparents. 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They raisedRead MoreAttachment, A Deep And Emotional Bond1477 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we consider the term attachment we may look to John Bowlby for an explanation who stated that ‘attachment is a deep and emotional bond that connects one person to another through space and time’ this is a great analogy, however what we do know about attachment is that it can be one sided, it is possible for one person to attach themselves or create a bond with a person that doesn’t reciprocate their feelings. An attachment may be considered as a likeness or kinship when the feeling is mutual

How Was the Greatest Constitution and Government Formed

How Was The Greatest Constitution and Government Formed George Washington Political Science 201 Professor X August 24, 2012 Introduction The Greatest Constitution and Democracy on earth, these are my heartfelt feelings concerning the country that I live in. Why do I feel this way, because of the freedoms that we naturally have as citizens of the United State. Freedoms that are sometimes ignorantly ignored by the average citizen instead of being cherished and utilized. U.S. citizens have rights thanks to the original Bill of Rights, for example the right to free speech and the right to bear arms. The framers of the U.S. Constitution which is the basic structure of the American system of government. The U.S. Constitution is a†¦show more content†¦This allows for the bureaucracy to make laws through rule-making, which is delegation of authority. The bureaucracy delegates authority to the department or agency that will be responsible for its implementation. The bureaucracy in the United States is partly made up civil service agencies, that regardless of who has been elected to an office, the bureaucracy continues , despite the decisions made in the political process. Because of the framework of bureaucracy, it has been considered politically neutral. A reason bureaucracy works, due to the separation between politics and administration. Laws and policies are made by elected officials, who are held accountable to the voters, the role of bureaucracy is to implement those policies. An example of bureaucracy working, would be the Department of Defense that controls the Departments of the Army, Navy, Marines and Air Force and other agencies that fall under their responsibility. Their responsibility includes all facets that deal with military personnel regulations, laws, equipment, operations, pay and placement of troops to name a few. The bureaucracy handles the necessary implementation of the policies handed down by executive office. 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Marketing & Entrepreneurship Of Optus †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Entrepreneurship Of Optus. Answer: Company background Optus is regarded as the second largest telecommunication company of Australia which has its head quarters in Sydney. Optus is owned entirely by Singtel Group, which is regarded as Asias leading Communications Company and Optus is an important contributor to the revenue of the company. Optus is a popular brand in Australia and its reach is almost everywhere. In order to offer services to the customers the company owns network infrastructure, along with that wholesale services of theNational Broadband Networkas well asTelstra is also used by Optus to deliver services(Wright and Snook 2016). Optus does not only provide communication network to the end customers there are other companies like ExetelandAmaysim to which Optus serves as a wholesaler. Optus is the largest satellite wholesaler in Australia it provides satellite services and is involved in manufacturing 4G mobiles as well. Along with telecommunication a subsidiary of the company is yes brand which provides broadband and wireless internet services as well (optus.com.au 2017). The company positions itself as an entity that encourages and promotes investment and innovation, with the wide array of products and services and collaboration with a plethora of collaborations it proves that it supports and promotes sustainability and betterment of the society Product and services of Optus: Telecommunication: Owned by communication giant SingTel the telecommunication is the primary service that Optus offers the Australian community. It offers lucrative deals and offers for the customers on a regular basis. Internet broadband and wireless services: Recent addition to the connection id the 4G network which allows super fast internet connection. The company provides the consumers in offers and deals in broadband and also in wireless service for domestic or commercial purpose. E-Commerce: Optus has an e-commerce site as well which is very colorful and descriptive. The user interface is easy and there are several mobile devices that are available with discounts and offers along with the complementary connectivity services. In the website there are several bundle options for data network, tablet plans, pre-booking of several new Smartphone option is also available in the Optus website (optus.com.au 2017). Wholesale service: The satellite service is a wholesale business providing connectivity to several other platforms. The telecommunication infrastructure is also shared with other companies to provide back up for the companies who lack infrastructure of their own. Optus Sport channel: This is a new offering of the company for the sports lovers so that they can enjoy sports at any point of time using any mobile devices (Wright and Snook 2016). References: optus.com.au. 2017.Home page. [online] Available at: https://www.optus.com.au/ [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Wright, T. and Snook, C.J., 2016.Digital Sense: The Common Sense Approach to Effectively Blending Social Business Strategy, Marketing Technology, and Customer Experience. John Wiley Sons.

Animal Cruelty Essays - Animal Testing, Animal Rights,

Animal Cruelty Jeff Albrecht Joseph Aimone Writing and Rhetoric 13 December 2000 Animal Cruelty One of the most touchy aspects of our relationship with animals is the use of animals in laboratory sciences. Some manufactures of cosmetics and household products still conduct painful and useless tests on live animals, even though no law requires them not to. Some people, called anti-vivisectionists, are at one extreme in their concern. They want an abolition of all experiments on live animals. At the other extreme there are those who say that it is quite all right for us to do whatever we like to animals. They say that God gave us such a right, since it is written in the bible (Genesis 1:26) that man has dominion over all creatures. If these tests give some educational value, adds to scientific knowledge, or can help improve human health, they argue that it is worth killing animals or subjecting them to painful experiments. I believe that the unnecessary testing of animals is inhumane and unethical when alternative methods Albrecht 2 are available. The anti-vivisectionists say we should not allow experiments on animals and the animal utilitarians, or vivisectionists, claim that we can do anything to animals if it is for the ultimate good of humanity. Perhaps they are both wrong. Much can be learned from treating animals that are already sick or injured in testing new life-saving drugs and surgical techniques. Animals, as well as people benefit from new discoveries. But is it right to take perfectly healthy animals and harm them to find cures for human illnesses, many of which we bring on ourselves by poisoning the environment, eating the wrong kinds of foods, and by not adopting a healthy active life-style? Do people have the right to do what ever they like to perfectly healthy animals? Do we have the right to continue doing experiments over and over again in a needless repetition and a waste of animals if no new information is going to be gained? Animals suffer unnecessarily and their lives are pointlessly wasted. If the issue were simple, animal experimentation might never have become so controversial. Each year in the United States an estimated 20-70 Albrecht 3 million animals-from cats, dogs and primates, to rabbits, rats and mice-suffer and die in the name of research. Animal tests for the safety of cosmetics, household products and chemicals are the least justifiable. Animals have doses of shampoo, hair spray, and deodorant dripped into their eyes or applied to bare skin in attempts to measure eye and skin irritancy levels. Other are force-fed massive quantities of toxic materials such as bleach or soap, in a hit-and-miss attempt to measure levels of toxicity. Since 1938, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required that each ingredient in a cosmetic be adequately substantiated for safety prior to being made available to the consumer. However, neither the FDA nor the Consumer Product Safety Commission ( a regulatory agency that oversees product safety, consumer complaints, etc.) requires firms to conduct animal testing of any cosmetic product. Cosmetic companies use animal tests to insure themselves against possible consumer lawsu its. If sued for liability, they can protect themselves by arguing that the cosmetic was adequately tested for safety with tests standard in the cosmetic industry. How placing a piece of lipstick in the eye of a rabbit to determine if it is safe Albrecht 4 for the consumer, boggles my mind. If someone placed a piece of lipstick in my eye, I do believe it would irritate my eye also. How in the name of God does this test prove it is safe for the consumer? I don't believe lipstick is gong to be used in the eye area, unless you are an illiterate that can't read directions. The Draize Eye-Irritancy Test was designed to assess a substance's potential harmfulness to human eyes based on its effects on rabbits' eyes. This test was developed in the early 1940s by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This test is typically performed on six rabbits per substance tested. Technicians restrain each rabbit and place a measured amount of the test substance in the lower lid of one eye. Usually no anesthetics are given. the rabbits eyes are than examined at

The Great Deprssion essays

The Great Deprssion essays World war I left many European countries devastated. These countries were in debt, and had to be rebuilt. Many battles were fought in France, and left the farms and cities destroyed. After the war France was in debt because they borrowed money from the United States. France began to become unstable and, inflation occurred. On reason France needed so much money, was because they were afraid Germany would attack again, so they used money to rebuild their military. France was not the only country having problems paying of debt. All the major countries involved in the war met in 1925. They passed treaties over debt, and how it would be paid off. This was known as the Lacarno Act. After the war, Great Britain began to have financial problems too. They owed so much money, and American was out dating their factories. Britain was bringing in very little income from their trade. Workers began to go on strike. by 1921, nearly a quarter of Great Britains work force was unemployed.(Miller, Sue 676). People on the labor unions struggled to get jobs for the unemployed. Religious and political factions turned the economy for the worse.(Miller,Sue,2000). Other countries in Europe struggled to keep their government together, and keep their economy running smoothly. European countries went into depression after the war because of money issues. Another reason was the way the economy was handled. Soldiers from the war were coming back home, and did not have any jobs. In any event masses of people were left unemployed. After the war people perspectives changed along with their ideas. Mussolini made his own party of government, called the fascist party. Fascism was like communism, because it depended on dictator rule. The difference is that fascism has a nationalism background. Instead of everyone being equal, classes were to be maintained. Since new governments had to be made for many countries, it brough ...

Project 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project 7 - Essay Example A positive (+) value indicates that there is a direct or positive relationship and a negative value indicates that there is an indirect or negative relationship. A direct relationship indicate that as A increases B increases with it and vice versa; while a negative relationship indicates that as A increases B decreases and vice versa. If r = 0, there is no relationship. The coefficient of determination is found by squaring the coefficient of correlation. According to Webster.edu (n.d.) it is a measure of the proportion of the variance in B that can be explained by knowing A and vice versa and provides one of the best means of for evaluating the strength of the relationship between two variables. In order to determine whether there is a correlation between the two sets of test scores we would first need to state the null hypothesis that is to be tested. According to Mason and Lind (1996) this hypothesis is called the null hypothesis and is designated H0. There is also an alternative h ypothesis that is designated H1; this indicates what would be the conclusion if the null hypothesis is rejected. In this case the null hypothesis would indicate that there is no correlation between both test scores and in the alternative it would indicate that a correlation exists. The null and alternative hypothesis is stated as follows. H0: Â µ = 0 H1: Â µ ? 0 We now need to determine alpha which is the level of significance.

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Nursing - Assignment Example According to this institution,  this is the only way to acquire quality education especially in pursuit of a health care related profession (Finkelman and Kenner, 2013). The process of evaluating the excellence levels in the nursing profession may seem to be difficult; however, the Academy of nursing feels that the accreditation bodies have been established to ensure that health care professionals are acquainted with adequate knowledge towards quality health care delivery. Notably, American academy of nursing has a strong view that the nursing accreditation schools are creating gateways and programs that make qualified health care athletics to pursue advanced, professional studies (Finkelman and Kenner, 2013). Moreover, the American academy of nursing feels that these accreditations are profound avenues that will help institutions and professionals to develop, promote, and maintain appropriate education standards. According to the American academy of nursing, only accredited institution is capable of providing quality education to the athletics (â€Å"Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative †¦ â€Å"2011). For instance, the systems of accretion, accreditation standards, and criteria have ensured that health care become patient centered thereby promoting communication and health provision to the patients (Finkelman and Kenner, 2013). Health care provision through shared management and decision-making will adversely advocate fo r disease and injury prevention measures thereby promoting healthy lifestyle among the public and health care professionals. Conclusively, the American academy of nursing is quite supportive of the accretion, accreditation standards, and criteria since they belief that it is the way to provide quality health care to the nation. Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine., & Institute of

Effects of Climatic Elements on Livestock Production Essay Example for Free

Effects of Climatic Elements on Livestock Production Essay INTRODUCTION Climatic elements have direct effect on the system of animal production, body physiology and animal behaviour, feed supply and quality, proliferation of pests and parasites as well as preservation of animal products (Samson et al., 2011) A number of climatic elements such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, radiant energy, air movement, light, altitude etc. greatly influence and interact with the performance of livestock production. Similarly, they also cause major effects on animal physiology, behaviour and productivity through their individual or separate effects but, more often, by their combinations with other environmental factors. The influence of climate on animal production (including animal body functions, behaviours and productive abilities) may be direct or indirect. In either way, systems of animal husbandry or management are also affected. Direct influence of climate on animal production and husbandry has to do with such influence on the animal itself, while indirect influence is on the animal’s environment each of these shall be examined closely. TEMPERATURE The over-riding environmental factor affecting the physiological functions of domestic animals is temperature. Temperature is measured using the instrument called thermometer, which are of various types. All domestic animals are homeotherms or warm blooded. In other words, they maintain their body temperature within a range most suitable for optimal biological activity. The body temperature range is relatively constant and is higher than the environmental temperature. The ambient temperature on the other hand varies with changes in the climatic elements at a particular time. The animal body temperature ranges within certain limits defined as the ‘Comfort Zone’ is a temperature range within which no demands are made on the temperature regulating mechanism (Samson et al., 2011). In this range the animals heat exchange can be regulated solely by physical means such as constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the skin, ruffling up the fur or feathers and regulation of t he evaporation from lungs and skin. For a typical tropical breed of cattle, the ‘comfort zone’ range from 100 C to 270 C while a tropical temperate cattle has between -10 C and 160 C (FAO, 1986). If there is a change in ambient temperature beyond either the upper or lower limit, physical regulation will not be sufficient to maintain a constant body temperature and the animal must, in addition, decrease or increase its metabolic heat production. The body mechanism for regulating animal body temperature is triggered to action to enable the body remains or return to normal (Samson et al., 2011). However, a further decrease or increase in temperature will eventually bring the temperature to a point beyond which not even a change in heat production will be sufficient to maintain homeothermy, hence, thermo-regulating mechanism may begin to fail, resulting in one or more of the following as elucidated by Samson et al., 2011: i.Abrupt rise in rectal temperature. ii. Decline feed intake i.e. loss of appetite. iii. Increase in water intake. iv. Decrease in productive process such as growth and milk/egg production v. Loss in body weight i.e. emaciation. vi.Change in composition of milk produced. This partly explains the deterioration of highly productive cattle imported from temperate area to the tropics. However, very young animal, lacking fully developed temperature-regulating mechanisms, particularly the ability to increase heat production by increased metabolism, is much more sensitive to its thermal environment and requires higher temperatures. Other behavioural and physiological responses of animal to excessive high temperature or heat load include: i.Sweating ii.Panting iii.Wallowing in mud or pool of water as in pigs. iv.Reduction in physical exercise and mating activities. Heat Regulation As mentioned earlier that all domestic livestock are homeotherms; that is, they maintain relatively constant internal body temperatures, usually within a 1 to 2 ° C range. Normal body temperatures of some domestic animals are given in Table 1. Table 1: Normal Body Temperatures of Domestic Animals (FAO, 1986). Animals Temperatures Average Range Dairy Cow 38.6 38.0 39.3 Beef Cow 38.3 36.7 39.1 Pig 39.2 38.7- 39.8 Sheep 39.1 38.3 39.9 Goat 38.7 40.7 Horse 37.9 37.2- 38.2 Chickens 41.7 40.6 43.0 The body temperature of most domestic animals is considerably higher than the environmental temperature to which they are exposed most of the time. They maintain their body temperatures by balancing internal heat production and heat loss to the environment. The hypothalmus gland acts as a body thermostat by stimulating mechanisms to counteract either high or low ambient temperatures (FAO, 1986). For example, increased conversion of feed to-heat energy is used to counteract low ambient temperatures, while for example increased respiration (rate and volume) and blood circulation in the skin counteracts high ambient temperatures. Varying temperature also results in changed behavior . Most animals reduce their level of activity in a hot environment and, for example, pigs lie clustered in a heap at low temperatures, while they lie spread out with extended limbs at high temperatures (FAO, 1986). This would suggest increased space requirement for pigs held in a warm, tropical climate. The body can tolerate short periods of heat stress, but if the ambient temperature exceeds the body temperature for an extended period, it may prove fatal. When feed is converted by the animals metabolism for the production of milk, eggs, meat, off-spring etc., heat is produced as a by-product. An increased production level and thus feed requirement will therefore result in increased internal heat production. High yielding animals are consequently more likely to suffer from heat stress in a hot climate than are low yielding ones. Feeding fibre-rich, low digestible feed stuffs like hay will result in high heat-production because of increased muscular activity in the alimentary tract and, in ruminants, increased micro-organism activity in the rumen. An increased share of concentrates in the feed may therefore reduce heat stress in an animal under hot climatic conditions (FAO, 1986). Effects of Temperature on Animal Activities Quite a number of animal activities are affected by ambient temperature ranging from grazing activities and feeding behaviour, growth and productive performance, milk yield and composition, reproduction etc. These effects are elucidated below: (a)The Effect of High Ambient Temperature Feeding Behaviour in Animals: Studies have shown that length of day time grazing is related to the ambient temperature, and reduction in heat load improves grazing behaviour. Herders in semi-arid and arid area have adopted the act of grazing at night to improve both intake and length of grazing in hot seasons. However, in the case of monogastric animals such as broiler birds, they are often fed in the night and when to be fed during the day, their feeds are sprinkled with droplets of water as means of alleviating heat load to improve feed intake and overall production (Da Silva, 2007). It should be noted that feeding fibre-rich, low digestible feed stuffs like hay will result in high heat-production because of increased muscular activity in the alimentary tract and, in ruminants, increased micro-organism activity in the rumen (FAO, 1986). An increased share of concentrates in the feed may therefore reduce heat stress in an animal under hot climatic conditions. In contrast, when the ambient temperature is low, the animal will increase conversion of feed to-heat energy is used to counteract low ambient temperatures, hence resulting to increase in feed intake (FAO, 1986). (b)Effect of Temperature on Growth and other Productive Performance: High ambient temperature depress appetite and reduce feed intake and grazing time which may also diminish production as measured by growth, milk yield and milk solids production. Experimental evidence has shown that there is a partial correlation with growth rate when body weight is constant. However, under good management conditions where feeding and management are adequate, high ambient temperatures do not appreciably affect growth rates. Temperate type sheep that are exposed to high air temperature often have a low lambing percentage and give birth to small weak lambs that have a high post-natal mortality. Lambs born in early summer and reared through hot summer are usually smaller at birth than lambs born in the cool months of early dry season (Da Silva, 2007). In poultry, light breeds and young chicks are more resistant to heat than heavy breeds and adult birds. High temperatures predispose laying birds to abrupt decline in egg production. (c)Effect of Temperature on Milk Yield and Composition: Studies have indicated the effect of temperature on milk yield, butter fat and solids – not – fat. All these are depressed by high temperature, but usually by indirect effect of temperature on changes in feeding. As much as between 44% and 55% differences in milk yield and butter fat production were noticed between twin heifer reared under sound tropical and temperature management conditions (Samson et al., 2011). With increasing air temperatures appetite is depressed, food intake lowered, and heat production reduced (Vercoe, J.E.). The exact mechanism of temperature effect on milk and milk composition is not known. Either the high temperature directly affects appetite, thus decreasing feed intake, productivity and heat production or the need to reduce heat production forces down appetite and hence lower feed intake (Vercoe, J.E.). The direct effect of temperature is further appreciated in a study that defines optimum temperature for milk production as 210 C 270 C in Jersey and Holstein 29-32 in Brown Swiss and higher in tropical breeds of cattle (Da Silva, 2007). Similarly, milk constituents namely; butter fat, chloride, lactose and total nitrogen are affected when temperature rises above 270 C 300 C (FAO, 1986). (d) Effect of Temperature on Reproduction: Air temperatures do not seem to affect reproductive cycle of cows, but bull fertility is markedly influenced. High testicular temperatures adversely affect spermatogenesis and hormonal system. Seminal degeneration and temporary infertility have been reported in Merino sheep exposed to temperature above 330 C over a length of time (FAO, 1986). In poultry, both sizes of egg and thickness of its shell decline when laying fowls are exposed to high temperatures. Egg productivity decline has been experienced in poultry farms in Nigeria. However, incubation and brooding are favoured under high temperature. HUMIDITY As stated earlier, it is difficult to separate or single out the effect of temperature, precipitation and humidity on animal production. Humidity is measured using the instrument called hygrometer. Evaporation is one of the important channels of heat loss. It depends on ambient air temperature, the amount of available moisture in the atmosphere (humidity), area of evaporating surface and the degree of air movement (Samson et al., 2011). The amount of available moisture partly affects the rate of evaporative heat loss from the skin and respiratory system of an animal. Poultry do not have sweat glands, so all evaporative heat loss must originate from the respiratory tract. Other livestock species have varying abilities to sweat and in descending order they are as follows: Horse, donkey, cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep and pig. In a hot-dry climate evaporation is rapid, but in a hot humid climate the ability of the air to absorb additional moisture is limited and the inadequate cooling may result in heats tress. Too low humidity in the air will cause irritation of the mucous membranes, while too high humidity may promote growth of fungus infections (Da Silva, 2007). High humidity may also contribute to decay in structures. High humidity also adds to the heat load of the animal by depressing evaporative heat loss with declining effect on feed intake and productivity as demonstrated under temperature effects. If possible keep the relative humidity in the range of 40 to 80%. SOLAR RADIATION OR RADIANT ENERGY The quantity of solar radiation or radiant energy received in tropical region differs profoundly from the temperate. Solar radiation is measured using the instrument called Photometer. The heat load on a grazing animal can be considerably increased by direct solar radiation and radiation reflected from clouds or the ground (Samson et al., 2011). For tropical breeds of animal, solar radiation effects are scarcely noticeable because of their skin and eye that are pigmented (Mahadevan, 1966). A white hair coat will absorb less radiant energy than a dark, but the heat penetrates deeper in a white, loose coat (FAO, 1986). In contrast, when temperate breeds are exposed suddenly to solar radiation of the tropics they suffer from sun burns or skin cancers, epithelioma (eye infection from solar radiation) and other photosensitive disorders. Furthermore, solar radiation may adversely affect the animals skin in particular breeds having unpigmented skin. Solar radiation correlates with air temperature and thus partly contributes to the ambient temperature which is a principal climatic element affecting animal production. Management systems adopted in the tropics as means of minimising adverse effects of solar radiation include: i.Grazing in the night. ii.Clipping of excessive hair.   iii.Provision of a shaded area for animals or grazing under shades in the day time. However, the shade should be sufficiently large to allow space between the animals so that the heat loss by other means is not reduced (FAO, 1986). Solar radiation may contribute or may even create a more severe heat stress, hence, all measures must be taken to reduce direct impact of solar radiation on animals. ALTITUDE Altitude refers to height of a place over and above relative to the sea level which is usually measured in metres. Altitude is measured using the instrument called Altimeter. Illustratively, three plateau in Nigeria exhibit micro-climatic conditions that differ slightly from the general tropical environment in terms of relatively lower ambient temperature, temperate vegetation and sometimes precipitation. This distinct condition confers on the Obudu Hill, Jos and Mambilla Plateau (Samson et al., 2011). Temperate-like micro-environment on these places located within the tropical Nigerian climate makes the production of cattle and other livestock to take the semblance of the temperate system of animal production. Some of the environmental stress conditions earlier enumerated may be unnoticed or moderated in the elevated places. Physiological responses of animals supported by favourable microclimatic condition tend to stimulate improved animal performance in terms of intake and metabolism of nutrients, growth and reproductive activities (Khalifa, 2003). The emerging growth in dairy production in Kenya is partly attributed to high productivity of dairy cattle located on high altitudes and highlands of the country. The geographical principle of â€Å"the higher the relative altitude of given place, the cooler it becomes† is characteristic of the micro-climatic phenomenon experienced in most tropical highlands, which has led to improved animal productivity (Samson et al., 2011) AIR MOVEMENTS Air movements involve wind direction and wind velocity but the most important is the wind velocity or speed. These will assist in heat loss by evaporation and by conduction/ convection as long as the air temperature is lower than the skin temperature. When the air temperature approaches the skin temperature rapid air movements are experienced as comfortable, but at low temperatures it will lead to excessive cooling of unprotected skin areas (cold draught) (Mahadevan, 1966). In addition air movements are required to remove noxious and toxic gases and to supply the animal with fresh air for breathing (Samson et al., 2011). A wind velocity of 0.2m/s is generally regarded as a minimum requirement, but it can be increased to 1.0m/s, when the temperature is nearing the upper critical, or more when it goes beyond that (Da Silva, 2007). Wind speed is measured using the instrument called Anenometers while wind direction is measured using Wind Vane. PRECIPITATION OR RAINFALL Heavy rain my penetrate the fur of an animal and decrease its insulation value. A strong wind can in such circumstances lead to excessive cooling. However, a naturally greasy hair coat will resist water penetration and with the provision of a shelter for the animals the problem may be avoided altogether (Samson et al., 2011). It should be noted that increase in precipitation result in consequent in increase in relative humidity. Rainfall is measured using the instrument called Rain gauge. LIGHT Light which dictates day length or photoperiod varies with latitude and season and has a direct influence on animal performance, especially on the breeding season for sheep and egg production of poultry. Under natural conditions, there is a correlation between length of day and rate of laying (Samson et al., 2011). Artificial light is used in the temperate zone to equalize egg production throughout the year (Mahadevan, 1966). Additional hours of light before dawn and after dusk are recommended in hot climates to encourage the hens to eat during the cooler hours. INDIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC ELEMENTS ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Effects of the climatic environment on animal production, biotic agents, nutrition including the influence on animal feed supply and quality may be regarded as indirect effect that does not bear on immediate conduct of the animal but on its environment. These indirect effects include: (a) Effects on Feed Supply: Climate affects the quantity and quality of feed available to the animal. Temperature, precipitation, daylight and humidity limit plant growth and affect feed quality more drastically than other climatic factors. In humid and sub humid areas where there is sufficient rains, plant exhibit seasonal growth, hence seasonal availability of forage (Samson et al., 2011). In the dry season when plant experience slow growth or complete growth seizure, available grazing stuff declines and animals lack enough to eat. In the arid and semi-arid zone lack of sufficient grazing material results in seasonal movement in search of forage feed in the wetter areas. The pattern of distribution of rainfall in which tropical region experience torrential rainfall in a short duration also partly explain rapid growth of plants within a short while followed by fast decline in biomass and other nutritional qualities (Khalifa, 2003). Nutritional quality of feed has to do with proportion of constituent nutrients, availability and balance of these nutrients in the ratio needed by the animals. Feed quality is most influenced by the climatic factors as precipitation and humidity. Rapid growth of plants results in production of high fibrous content of the forage feed as quality deteriorates with age. Tropical forage compared with that of temperate matures quicker, such that at same age the fiber content is higher; and digestible protein and total digestible nutrients lower (Samson et al., 2011). Thus stocks in the tropics usually have to digest more fibrous feeds and this may add to their heat load. Studies have indicated the extreme sensitivity of cattle to heat stress(Mahadevan, 1966). It is noted that the balance of acetate available for purposes other than heat production is increased as environmental temperature increases. Ruminants in hot climate are more sensitive to imbalances of protein, energy, which results in an increased heat production (Samson et al., 2011). (b) Effects on Animal Disease, Vector and Parasites High temperatures and high humidity provide favourable breeding environment for internal and external parasites, fungi and disease vectors. There is high incidence of internal parasites in the humid tropics and in the wet season. In arid areas, and in dry season, the incidence of insect pests and external parasites remain a major health threat. As much as the vegetation-type influences the incidence of insect pests/vectors of disease, so much is climate indirectly affects animal production. Incidence of tsetse fly infestation and distribution between the humid and sub humid area explains the interaction between the climate and vegetation and their influence on an animal production. (c) Effects on Storage and Handling of Animal Products Tropical climate favours the rapid deterioration and increases the cost of handling animal products. In arid or humid climates of the tropics, substantial quantity of animal products have been lost to putrefying organisms which multiply rapidly under such conditions to cause deterioration, spoilage and ‘food poisoning’ of enormous economic value (Samson et al., 2011). This indirectly affects animal production in terms of high cost of generating electricity and provision of refrigeration on the farm to reduce wastage of valuable animal products. EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS LIVESTOCK SPECIES In tropical and subtropical countries, an animal may often be under heat stress when the environmental temperature exceeds the upper critical level (18 to 24 °C, depending on the livestock specie) there is usually a drop in production or a reduced rate of gain (FAO, 1986). Furthermore, when the temperature falls outside the comfort zone, other climatic factors assume greater significance. Humidity becomes increasingly important as do solar radiation and wind velocity. 1.Cattles Dairy cattle show a reduced feed-intake under heat stress resulting in lowered milk production and reduced growth. Reproduction is also adversely affected. There are, however, important differences between breeds. European cattle (Bos taurus) produce well at temperatures ranging from 4 to 24 ° C even at high humidity (FAO, 1986). Much lower temperatures (-10 °C) have little effect as long as fluctuations are not too rapid or frequent. On the other hand, a drop in milk production results with temperatures exceeding 25 °C (Vercoe, J.E.). The drop may be as much as 50% at temperatures of 32 °C or higher. In contrast, Zebu cattle (Bos indicus), which are native to warm climates, have a comfort zone of 15 to 27 ° C and milk production begins to drop only when temperatures rise above 35 °C. In addition, beef cattle make their best weight gains at temperatures below 25 ° C (FAO, 1986). They can easily tolerate temperatures below 0 ° C if they have a good supply of feed. It is important to note some of the physical differences between these two types of cattle that suit each to its climate of origin. The Zebu is characterized by a hump, large ears and loose, thin skin including a prominent dewlap. These characteristics promote heat loss by convection and evaporation and thus efficient body temperature regulation under hot climatic conditions (Khalifa, 2003). In addition, the Zebu has less subcutaneous fat, a lower body volume for the surface area, and short smooth hair all of which contribute to the animals comfort under hot conditions. The European breeds on the other hand have thick skin held tightly to the body, long hair and a large amount of fat which serve as insulators, traits desirable for cold or temperate climates (Da Silva, 2007). Calves seem most sensitive to cold draughts and poor ventilation, but are quite tolerant of a wide range of temperatures. 2.Pigs Pigs require a change in ambient temperature as they age and grow, and like cattle, they show a decreased feed intake when under heat stress. Piglets survive and develop best at 30 to 32 °C initially followed by a gradual reduction to 20 °C over the first three weeks. Feeder pigs (30 to 65 kg) make good gains in the temperature range of 10 to 25 °C with 24 °C reported optimum. The optimal ambient temperature for pigs weighing 75 to 120 kg is 15 ° C (FAO, 1986). Brood sows do well at 15 °C but suffer badly at 25 °C and above since they do not perspire when hot. Reproduction rates fall under heat stress and sows are more apt to trample their baby pigs in the discomfort of hot weather (Da Silva, 2007). 3.Sheep Sheep can tolerate a wide range of temperatures but should be protected from wind and rain. However, a long period of high ambient temperatures inhibits reproduction. Heat stress also reduces lambing percentage, decreases the incidence of twinning, and decreases the birth weight of lambs (Khalifa, 2003). When temperatures are below 7 °C at breeding time, ewes show improved reproductive efficiency. 4.Goats Goats are affected by temperature, humidity and rain. In hot climates, goats need shelter from intense heat during the day. In humid areas they need protection from prolonged heavy rain. Excessive wetting from rain can cause pneumonia and an increase in parasitic infestation. 5.Poultry The environmental requirements for poultry vary with age. Chicks should be started at 35 ° C. After one week the temperature is reduced gradually to 24 °C by the fifth week. Broilers and young turkeys reared at ambient temperatures below 18 °C are heavier than similar stock reared within the 18 to 35 °C range, but their feed conversion efficiency will be less. Laying birds produce the greatest number of eggs and the largest sized eggs at 13 to 24 ° C. The best feed conversion efficiency is achieved between 21 to 24 ° C (FAO, 1986). With increasing environmental temperature there is a decrease in feed intake and alterations in behaviour. Within the temperature range of 5 to 30 °C there is a reduction of about 1.6% in feed intake for every 10 °C increase in ambient temperature (FAO, 1986). Above 24 °C there is a reduction in egg production and egg size. A continued rise in temperature to 38 °C or more may prove lethal (Da Silva, 2007). High humidity at high temperat ures create conditions that are more likely to be lethal because of a breakdown in body cooling through respiration. 6.Rabbits Rabbits are affected most by sun and heat, wind, rain and draughts. Sunlight is of benefit to breading stock and the growing young, but it will also fade the coat of coloured rabbits and discolour a white one. While rabbits enjoy the sun, they must have the chance to get out of the direct rays. Because of their thick fur coats they tolerate cold better than extreme heat, but they are susceptible to chilling from draughts. Rabbits also need protection from rain and dampness. 7.Horses Horses do not require warm surroundings, but they do not easily tolerate draughts, dampness and high humidity. When exposed to high temperatures and vigorous exercise, horses sweat and the evaporation of this perspiration cools the skin and helps to maintain normal body temperature (FAO, 1986). CONCLUSION Virtually all production aspects of animal agriculture are affected or influenced by these unique climatic factors. It is very clear that the climate impinges directly on the biological functions of the body system, animal behaviour and production performance through such overbearing and moderating influence of temperature, humidity, solar radiation, air movement, altitude, precipitation, light and indirectly on feed supply, parasites and diseases, storage and handling of animal products. Progress in animal production has for age long being dependant on adjusting production system to suit the influence of the climate or changing the body physiological functions and behaviour to fix-up with climatic dictates. These fundamental factors underlie the various systems of production, systems of housing, feeding, reproduction and the overall management practices that are often adopted, modified or imposed REFERENCES Da Silva, R.G., 2007. Weather and Climate and Animal Production. In: The Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices, WMO No. 134. Available online: http://www.agrometeorology.org/files-folder/repository/gamp_chap_11.pdf. FAO, 1986. Animal Environmental Requirement. In: Farm Structures in Tropical Climates,FAO Corporate Document Repository. Available online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/S1250E10.htm#Animal environmental requirements. Khalifa, H.H., 2003. Bioclimatology and Adaptation of Farm Animals in a Changing Climate. In: Interaction between Climate and Animal Production. Eds: Lacetera, N., Bernabucci, U., Khalifa, H.H., Ronchi, B., Nardone, A., Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp: 15-30. Mahadevan, P., 1966. The Relation between Climatic Factors and Animal Production. United Nation Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Symposium on Methods in Agroclimatology, Paris. Reading Symposium Paper, pp: 1-15. Samson, O.A., Afolabi, A., Jari, S., 2011. Effects of the Tropical Environment on Animal Production. In:Principles of Animal Production, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), pp: 11-19. Vercoe, J.E. Climatic and Environmental factors affecting Dairy Productivity. Available online: http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/SmHDairy/chap4.html.

Poetry Assessment :: English Literature

Poetry Assessment 'Nothings Changed' is a powerful piece of poetic literature which portrays in a provocative way, the poverty and apartheid in Post-Nelson Mandela South Africa and how 'Nothings Changed' since he has been elected as president. It starts in a harsh abrupt way 'small round hard stones' quickly brings forth a strong image of a dirty pathway littered with stones, the next few lines 'cans trodden on, crunch' and 'tall, purple-flowering, amiable weeds' add to this picture and describes in greater detail the untidy, poorly maintained wasteland. The 'purple-flowering weeds' border the rocky causeway and give stark contrast to the ugliness of the area as it has been described insofar. The character in the poem goes into a 'Whites Only' area, where he feels very unwelcome. At first, he seems contented to walk through a familiar area and revisit the place where he had lived. However, this mood changes abruptly when he comes across a 'Whites Only' inn which makes him feel very angry and even violent. The rhythm of this poem is very slow and thoughtful and the stanzas act like paragraphs. This works well because it creates a sense of him crushing his growing anger and hostility as he remembers his childhood. There are however some striking short lines for effect, these represent a growing struggle inside him to keep his fury under control. Examples of this are 'Anger of my eyes' 'brash with glass' 'it's in the bone' 'hands burn' The poet uses these short lines because they are dramatic, simple but powerful and memorable. There are many examples of poetic devices in 'Nothings Changed', especially in the third stanza: my first choice is line 18, where the poet describes the name as 'flaring like a flag'. This simile is effective because 'flaring' suggests a fire and it is a provocative image. The restaurant 'squats in the grass and weeds'. I think the poet compares the restaurant to something lurking and sinister because this place represents everything that they are fighting against. In conclusion, I think that the poem does not really work well, it fails to truly break the surface of thought and although it tries to put across the poet's thoughts and feelings on racism it fails quite miserably because of the simple fact that the writing is bound by literary laws of poetry. 'In the greyness and drizzle of one despondent dawn, unstirred by harbingers of sun break.' Vultures (by Chinua Achebe) opens in a grandiose and portentous fashion that immediately fills the reader's mind with a sense of a macabre and unhappy morning, the grey skies do not encourage a sense of happiness or contentment nor does it give any indication that this

Ãtzi, the Oldest Ice Body Ever Found Essay

â€Å"Recent Finding Sheds New Light on the Stone Age† In recent years, the name â€Å"Ãâ€"tzi† has been on the edge of every archaeologist’s tongue. In fact, experts estimate that the remains of the Iceman date back to 3,255 BC. The discovery of the Iceman came about when two German mountain climbers, Erika and Helmut Simon spotted the skeletal remains of Ãâ€"tzi, the name that was given to the unidentified prehistoric man, while hiking in the Ãâ€"tztal Alps in 1991. On September 23rd 1991, when the Iceman’s corpse was extracted from beneath the ice, archaeologists discovered that they weren’t dealing with just an ordinary cadaver. In fact, various objects that were also uncovered within great proximity of Ãâ€"tzi’s body, such as leather hide remnants a bearskin cap, made it relatively easy to date him. Upon forensic examination, scientists discovered that the Stone Aged man had many anatomical abnormalities. As a matter of fact, he lacked both wisdom teeth and a 12th pair ribs. The analysis also shows worn joints, hardened arteries, multiples bruises, over filthy tattoos, and a small gash in his skull which proved to be fatal. Further laboratory scrutiny portrays the Iceman as being brown eyed, bearded, furrow faced man, little over 5 feet tall and weighing approximately a hundred pounds. Even though the cause of death is still being debated, most experts believe that Ãâ€"tzi died by the burst of a blood vessel and cardiovascular vesicle caused by an arrow head to his left shoulder.

Questions On Human Resource Management - 1347 Words

Federation University ATMC Melbourne BUHRM5912 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Assignment Title: HRM functions must be integrated with each other and with strategic issues if they are to make a contribution to HR outcomes or the â€Å"bottom line† for the organisation. Discuss this statement, with reference to relevant HRM structure. Student Name: Uzair Aziz Student ID: 30131135 Lecturer/Tutor: Genna Kaur Word Count: 1700-1900 Date of Submission: 22nd August’ 2014 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 1.1 Introduction Human resource management is related with people element in management. Since every organisation is made up of people, getting their services, growing their skills, motivating to high level of performances and certifying†¦show more content†¦Discuss this statement, with reference to relevant HRM structure† 1.2 Methodology Secondary Data is mostly collected to complete this report. Different Human Resource Management books are consultant in order to get the information about Human Resource functions and their integration. 1.3 Conclusion By getting thorough information about the topic I have come to the conclusion that HR functions play vital role in increasing HR efficiency and increasing employee satisfaction. It is of high importance that all the HR functions must be integrated with each other and strategic issues in order to make sure the smooth work environment in the organisation and to motivate employees. 1.4 Recommendation It is recommended that all the companies should give right recognition for the assistances and accomplishments made by employees. A flexible reward system should be implemented by organisation to improve employee motivation. 2. Research Methodology The method used to collect data in order to identify different HR functions and their importance is both primary and secondary. Primary Data was collected by conducting interviews with HR professionals and Instructors. For this purpose Questionnaire tool is used. Secondary Data is collected through different HR related Books and Journals. Thanks to online Moodle of Federation University and ATMC Library which helped me a